"Study Past Future"

The forms of the past future tense are similar in structure and implication to those of the present future tense, only the auxiliary verb “will” or “shall” appears in its past form “would” or “should”. They find their basic use in indirect quotations, where they are really conversions from the corresponding present forms in direct quotations to suit the sequence of tense.

Pattern: She / He / It

                                   + should/would + verb

        You / We / They / I

E.g.) 1. He said that he would leave in three days.

    2. He promised that he would buy me a pair of gloves.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercises

1.   I told him I ______ (see) him off at the station.

2.   He told me that I ______ (succeed).

3.   The group leader announced that we ______(begin) to work soon.

4.   The weatherman said it ______ (rain) the next day.

5.   They were sure they _______ (finish) the work on time.

6.   I had no idea when they ______(come) again.

"The Future Tanse"

Notes:

1. The written lesson is below.
2. Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left.

The future tense is used to tell what “will” happen, or what “shall” happen.

I will go to the beach next month.
I shall write the letter next week.

But, the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something. For this, use the verb “querer.”

¿Quieres ir a la tienda?
Will you go to the store?

The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state.

¿Quién será ella?
I wonder who she is? (Who could she be?)

Estará viajando solo.
He is probably traveling alone.

For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly used.

Esta noche voy al cine.
Tonight I’m going to the movies.

Further in the future, use the future tense.

El año que viene iré a España.
Next year I’m going to Spain.

Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.

hablaré
hablarás
hablará
hablaremos
hablaréis
hablarán

There are twelve common verbs that are irregular in the future tense. Their endings are regular, but their stems change. Since the endings are the same as all other future tense verbs, we show only the “yo” form, and have underlined the irregular stem. We have also grouped them according to their patterns of change.

caber
yo cabré

poner
yo pondré

decir
yo diré

haber
yo habré

salir
yo saldré

hacer
yo haré

poder
yo podré

tener
yo tendré

querer
yo querré

valer
yo valdré

saber
yo sabré

venir
yo vendré

Note that compound verbs based on the irregular verbs inherit the same irregularities. Here are a few examples:

desquerer
yo desquerré

resaber
yo resabré

anteponer
yo antepondré

mantener
yo mantendré

prevaler
yo prevaldré

Let’s add two flashcards for the future tense:

VERB FLASHCARDS
COMPLETE LIST

Future Tense

Infinitive + ending
(-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)

Future Tense Irregulars

caber
yo cabré

poner
yo pondré

decir
yo diré

haber
yo habré

salir
yo saldré

hacer
yo haré

poder
yo podré

tener
yo tendré

querer
yo querré

valer
yo valdré

saber
yo sabré

venir
yo vendré

"Studyis Past Perfect continuous tense"

It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and continued until sometime in past. (Remember, an ongoing action in past which continued till some time in past) There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc” from which the action had started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which shows that action had started in past and continued till some time in past.  Such time reference or sense of reference is the identity of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that action has started from a particular time in past or for some time period. For example, “He had been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he had started his education in this school in 2005 and he studied in this school till sometime in past.

Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference, then it is not Past perfectcontinuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it started in past or continued for some time period, so it seems just an ongoing action in past which resembles “past Continuous tense”. So the reference of time differentiates between Past perfect continuous tense and past continuous tense.

Rules: An auxiliary verb “had been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence. Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in sentence. While the 1995 is exactly known time.

                                   Structure of sentence.

Positive Sentence.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference
• Subject + had been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time    reference

Examples.
      I had been waiting for him for one hour.
      She had been playing chess since 7 O’clock.

Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) +     Object + Time reference
• Subject + had not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time    reference

To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “had not been”.
Examples.
        I had not been waiting for him for one hour.
        She had not been playing chess since 7 O’clock.

Interrogative Sentence.
• Auxiliary verb+ Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object +    time reference
• Had + Subject +  been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time    reference

Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject in sentence.
Examples.
        Had I been waiting for him for one hour?
        Had she been playing chess 7 O’clock?

More examples.

Positive sentences
         I had been living in America since 2003.
         He had been playing cricket for two hours.
         They had been watching television since 6 O’clock.
         She had been working in this office since 2007.
         It had been raining for three days.

Negative sentences
        I had not been living in America since 2003.
        He had not been playing cricket for two hours.
        They had not been watching television since 6 O’clock.
        She had not been working in this office since 2007.
        It had not been raining for three days.

Positive sentences
        Had I been living in America since 2003?
        Had he been playing cricket for two hours.
        Had they been watching television since 6 O’clock?
        Had she been working in this office since 2007?
        Had it been raining for three days?

" Function it is Past Perfect Tense"

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.

In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second or more recent event:

Event A	Event B
John had gone out	when I arrived in the office.
Event A	Event B
I had saved my document	before the computer crashed.
Event B	Event A
When they arrived	we had already started cooking.
Event B	Event A
He was very tired	because he hadn't slept well.

FORMING THE PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.

Subject	had	past participle
Affirmative
She	had	given
Negative
She	hadn't	asked.
Interrogative
Had	they	arrived?
Interrogative Negative
Hadn't	you	finished?

TO DECIDE, PAST PERFECT

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had decided	I hadn't decided	Had I decided?
You had decided	You hadn't decided	Had you decided?
She had decided	She hadn't decided	Had she decided?
We had decided	We hadn't decided	Had we decided?
They had decided	They hadn't decided	Had they decided?

PAST PERFECT + JUST

'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g.

• The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
• She had just left the room when the police arrived.
• I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.

"ABOUT THE PAST CONTINUOUS TANSE"

A.    Understanding the Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense is also known as progressive past tense. This tense is used to describe a job or activity that is going on in the past. Is said to be continuous or progressive because the work is being done. And said past because it happened in the past. In use, this tense usually accompanied by a sentence in the form of continuous past as well or it could be in the form of simple past tense. Later you will easily understand after reading function and an example sentence below. so make sure that you read this article once.

A.    Formula Past Continuous Tense.

The formulation of this tense is composed of two elements, namely past and continuous. 

The characteristics of the past he always uses Verb-2 while continuous always used to 

be + verb-ing. If merged then the second form (verb-2) than to be is was and were thus

 the basic formula of the past continuous is: S + was / were + Verb-ing.

Bentuk	RUMUS		CONTOH
+	Verbal	S + was/were + Verb-ing	She was reading a book when I come
	Nominal	S + was/were + nominal	When I was child, I was so handsome
–	Verbal	S + was/were + not + Verb-ing	I was not sleeping at seven o’clock yesterday
	Nominal	S + was/were + not + nominal	Meeting president was not in my schedule
?	Verbal	Was/were + S + Verb-ing	Were you hiking with your friends last week?
	Nominal	Was/were + S + Verb-ing	Were you alone now?

c. Function Past Continuous Tense

Shows the work was going on in the past. Example: I am sorry Jane, yesterday I could not help you Because I was washing my car. (Sorry Jane, I can not help yesterday, because I again nyuci my car). She was crying in my shoulder so I could not go any where. (She cried on my shoulder so I could not go anywhere) Shows two activities that are going on together in the past.

Example:

·         The fire was burning my house when my mother was cooking last night.
(Ayahku sedang mandi ketika mamaku sedang masak kemarin malam)

·         John was operating his computer when I was watching a movie.
(John sedang mengoperasikan komputer ketika aku sedang nonton film)

               Serves to demonstrate the activity is going on in the past when other events interrupt.

Example:

·         My father was taking a bath when I knocked the door
(Ayaku sedang mandi ketika aku mengetuk pintu)

·         She always interrupted me when I was delivering my speech.
(Dia selalu menyela ketika aku sedang berpidato)

D. The use Description Time 

Description of time spent together with the past tense, which contains last + time or time + ago. In function of the number 2 and 3, there is always a word while or when that means when / when. We may use one of them and may be exchanged, just that it would be appropriate if the activities are carried out simultaneously using a while, and if one uses when interrupting their activities.

E. Example Sentences Past Continuous.

1.      I was there when you was delivering your speech on the stage.
(Aku ada di sana ketika kamu sedang menyampaikan sambutan di atas panggung).

2.      Julie was cooking in the kitchen while I was watching a television yesterday morning.
(Julie sedang memasak di dapur ketika aku sedang menonton tv kemarin pagi).

3.      Was Thidarat climbing the peak of Rinjani mountain when I was sleeping in my tend last week?.
(apakah Thidarat sedang mendaki puncak gunung Rinjani ketika aku sedang tidur di dalam tenda?).

4.      The rain was pouring heavy when I arrived at home this morning.
(Hujan sedang turun dengan derasnya ketika aku sampai di rumah pagi ini).

5.      I am sorry I didn’t know that you knocked at my door yesterday because I was listening to the music.
(Maaf, saya tidak mendengar kamu mengetuk pintu kemarin karena aku sedang mendengarkan musik).

6.      She was reading a book while the library was closed.
(Dia sedang membaca buku ketika perpustakaan ditutup).

7.      That building was being built last year when I passed last year, but now it’s already broken down.
(Bangunan itu sedang dibangun waktu aku lewat tahun lalu tapi sekarang sudah dirobohkan).

8.      Are you the one who called when I was walking around with my girl friend in the mall yesterday?
(apakah kamu orangnya yang manggil saya waktu saya lagi jalan sama pacar saya di mall kemarin?).

9.      Were you dancing with my girl friend when I went to toilet?
(apakah kamu sedang berdansa dengan pacarku ketika aku pergi ke toilet).

10.  The music was playing when I left that bar last night.
(musik itu masih bermain ketika aku meninggalkan bar kemarin malam).

"study simple past tanse"

 Pengertian Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense adalah tense yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menekankan bahwa pekerjaan tersebut telah (perfect) atau sedang (continuous) dikerjakan. Pemahaman tense ini hampir sama dengan Simple Present Tense, hanya waktunya saja yang berbeda dan sering juga digunakan dalam percakapan maupun tulisan.

 Rumus Simple Past Tense.

Karena rumus ini simple (sederhana), maka rumusnya pun sederhana. Kita hanya memerlukan Verb-2 sebagai ciri-ciri mutlak rumus past tense. Sehingga rumus dasar kalimat verbalnya adalah: S + Verb-2. Sedangkan untuk kalimat nominal, maka kita harus membuat “to be”nya menjadi verb-2, yaitu “was dan were”. Tense ini dikatakan sederhana karena simple past tense hanya ingin memberikan informasi tentang sebuah pekerjaan yang telah terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaanya sedang atau telah dilakukan.

Bentuk	Rumus		Contoh Kalimat
+	Verbal	S + Verb-2	She killed a snake yesterday
	Nominal	S + was/were + nominal	I was there but you did not see me
-	Verbal	S + did + not + Infinitive	She did not know where to go.
	Nominal	S + was/were + not + nominal	When I was a child, I used to cry.
?	Verbal	Did + S + Infinitive	Did you take my money?
	Nominal	Was/were + S + nominal?	Was the case hard to solve?

Simple Past Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"

TO BE 2 terdiri dari: was & were (untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut)

I	Was
You	Were
They
We
He	Was
She
It

I	Did / Didn't
You
They
We
He She It

CATATAN:

DID  digunakan pada kalimat tanya.

DID NOT (DIDN'T)  digunakan pada kalimat negatif.

TO BE 2 (Was & Were) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata kerja (NON VERB)

VERB 2 hanya digunakan pada kalimat positif saja.

 Kalimat negatif

Kalimat negatif simple past tense dibuat dengan  did dan not. Did adalah bentuk lampau dari kata kerja to do. Did dan not sering disingkat menjadi didn’t. Contoh:
– I arrived in London on Monday -> I didn’t arrive on Sunday.
– They stayed at the Vivaldi Hotel -> They didn’t stay at the Carlton Hotel.

Karena “did” merupakan bentuk lampau, maka kata kerja utama tidak mengalami perubahan. Contoh:

·                 We didn’t live in Italy. Did adalah bentuk lampau sehingga live tidak dirubah menjadi bentuk lampau.

·                 We didn’t lived in Italy. Kalimat ini tidak benar

 Kalimat bertanya

Pertanyaan dibuat dengan menempatkan did sebelum subjek. Contoh:

·                 You lived in Japan -> Did you live in Japan?

·                 They stayed at the Vivaldi Hotel -> Did they stay at the Vivaldi Hotel?

Kata kerja utama juga tidak berubah (tidak diganti menjadi bentuk lampau), contoh:
– You lived in Japan -> Did you lived in Japan? (tidak benar)
– You lived in Japan -> Did you live in Japan? (benar)

 Kata kerja tidak beraturan

Ada banyak kata kerja simple past tense yang tidak beraturan (irregular verbs) dalam bahasa Inggris, yakni tidak ditambahkan -ed. Berikut beberapa kata kerja tidak beraturan yang paling umum.

be – was/were become – became begin – began break – broke bring – brought build – built buy – bought catch – caught choose – chose come – came do – did draw -drea eat – ate feel – felt fight – fought find – found fly – flew forget – forgot get – got give – gave go – went have – had hear – heard hit – hit know – knew learn – learnt/learned leave – left lose – lost

make – made meet – met pay – paid read – read ride – rode run – run say – said sell – sold send – sent shut – shut sing – sang sit – sat sleep – slept smell – smelt/smelled speak – spoke stand – stood swim – swam take – took teach – taught tell – told think – thought understand – understood wear – wore win – won write – wrote

 Fungsi Simple Past Tense

1.      Menunjukkan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lalu tanpa ingin menekankan pekerjaan tersebut sedang terjadi atau telah terjadi. Jika bingung dengan perbedaannya dengan present perfect tense karena sama-sama telah terjadi silahkan baca perbedaannya 

Contoh:

o    I knocked on your door last night but no one came out.(Aku mengetuk pintu rumahmu kemarin malam, tapi tidak ada seorang pun yang keluar)

o    Did you tell her that I was with my another girl friend last weekend?(Apakah kamu memberitahunya kalau aku sedang dengan pacarku yang lain weekend kemarin?)

2.      Digunakan dalam Conditional Sentence type 2.
Contoh:

o    I would invite you to go along with me if the car was not full at that time.(Aku akan mengajakmu untuk pergi bersama kalau waktu itu mobilnya tidak penuh)

o    If you did not cheat me, I would be nice to you.(Jika kamu tidak berbohong padaku, aku akan baik padamu).

3.      Menjadi kalimat penyela terhadap suatu pekerjaan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lalu (past continuous tense).
Contoh:

o    She came into the class when the teacher was teaching.
(Dia masuk kelas ketika guru sedang mengajar).

o    Last night I almost got an accident since a cat crossed in front of my car when I was driving my car.
(Kemarin malam aku hampir kecelakaan karena seekor kucing melintas di depanku ketika aku sendan mengendarai mobilku)

4.      Untuk menerangkan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lalu setelah kejadian lainnya selesai (berurutan atau kronologis). Kejadian pertama tersebut biasanya menggunakan past perfect tense.
Contoh:

o    I had already gone out from that building before the bomb blew up.
(Aku telah keluar sebelum bomnya meledak)

o    She had finished her job before I came.
(Dia sudah menyelesaikan pekerjaannya sebelum aku datang)

Fungsi Simple Present Tense pada kalimat verbal

Menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan atau yang dilakukan pada waktu-waktu tertentu (Habitual Action), contohnya:

We study hard everyday.

She visits the library twice a month.

Menyatakan suatu kebenaran atau kenyataan umum, atau suatu kebenaran yang dianggap terjadi terus-mnerus (The General Truth), contohnya:

A year has twelve months.

The sun rises in the East.

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Present Tense yang tidak menggunakan kata kerja (Non VERB)

+	Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
?	To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Contoh :

+	I am a teacher. She is a teacher.
-	I am not a teacher. She is not a teacher.
?	Are you a teacher? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau No, I am not Is she a teacher? Jawaban: Yes She is, atau No, She is not
?	What are you ? Jawaban: I am a teacher Where is your sister ? Jawaban: She is here

Fungsi Simple Present Tense pada kalimat nomial

Untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang sedang berlangsung saat ini atau sekarang atau perbuatan yang merupakan suatu kebiasaan, contohnya:

I am a teacher.

They are here now.

Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum, tetapi dalam kalimat nominal ini tidak digunakan keterangan waktu, contohnya:

Ice is cold.

Fire is hot.